Three-language formula: history, NEP 2020, and what it means for schools

What is the history of the three-language formula?

1. 1960s. The Education Commission (Kothari Commission, 1964 to 1966) recommended a modified three-language formula.
2. 1968. The National Policy on Education adopted the formula, typically the regional language, Hindi, and English, with a modern Indian language in Hindi-speaking states.
3. 1986 and 1992. The National Policy on Education and its revision reaffirmed the approach.
4. 2020. NEP 2020 retained the formula with greater flexibility and a stronger focus on mother tongue learning.

What does NEP 2020 say about languages?

• The three languages learned will be the choices of states, regions, and students.
• At least two of the three languages should be native to India.
• No language will be imposed on any state.
• Wherever possible, the medium of instruction until at least Grade 5, and preferably beyond, should be the home language or mother tongue.
• Students may change one or more of the three languages, for example in Grade 6 or 7, if they show proficiency as required.
• Sanskrit and classical languages will be offered as options, along with foreign languages at secondary level.

These points summarise NEP 2020. Read the full text for exact wording, and follow your state and board rules.

What does the formula look like in practice?

Actual combinations depend on the state, board, and what the school can offer.

Why is the three-language formula debated?

• Concerns about imposing a language on some states.
• Uneven implementation across states.
• Shortage of qualified language teachers.
• Pressure on timetables and student workload.
• Questions about the role of English as a medium.

Why does NEP 2020 stress the mother tongue?

Children understand concepts faster in a language they know well. NEP 2020 therefore encourages teaching in the home language in the early years, with bilingual approaches where classes are mixed, while also exposing children to several languages early, since young children pick up languages readily. See foundational literacy and numeracy.

What does the formula mean for school operations?

• Timetables must fit three language periods across grades.
• Schools need qualified teachers for each language offered.
• Students language choices must be recorded and carried into exams and report cards.
• Parent communication may need several languages.

In Hudace SchoolOS, subjects per class and student choices are configured in Student Information, and the auto timetable handles language periods. See also multicultural education.